From water vapor-assisted solid-state reaction to high-performance anode for lithium-ion batteries: an ex-situ investigation for a case study of lithium vanadate
Abstract
Conventional solid-state reactions (SSRs) suffer from uncontrollable morphology and particle size, massive energy consumption, and environmental risk. To address these problems, a novel approach involving ambient SSRs under water vapor has been proposed for the preparation of anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. In this work, a case study of lithium vanadate (Li 3 VO 4 ) has been investigated in which the electrochemical properties of Li 3 VO 4 from the vapor route are superior to those from conventional SSRs, delivering a reversible specific capacity of 590.8 mAh ∙ g -1 at a specific current of 100 mA ∙ g -1 after 50 cycles. Ex-situ techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, Raman, and scanning electron microscopy, have been employed to elucidate the mechanism of vapor-assisted SSRs in Li 3 VO 4 synthesis.